Showing posts with the label Basic ChemistryShow All
Nucleic Acids 8: Nitrogenous Bases (2) — Hydrogen Bonding and Base Stacking
Basic Biology

Nucleic Acids 8: Nitrogenous Bases (2) — Hydrogen Bonding and Base Stacking

The word “aromatic” does not exactly sound friendly or inviting. It almost makes you wonder whether it refers to some f…

Nucleic Acids 7: Nitrogenous Bases (1) — Aromatic Compounds
Basic Biology

Nucleic Acids 7: Nitrogenous Bases (1) — Aromatic Compounds

Structurally, RNA and DNA are very similar. Both are nucleic acids made of long chains of nucleotides, with nitrogenous…

Nucleic Acids 6: The World of RNA — From the RNA World Hypothesis to RNA Structure and the Emergence of DNA
Basic Biology

Nucleic Acids 6: The World of RNA — From the RNA World Hypothesis to RNA Structure and the Emergence of DNA

In the previous article, we looked at the structure of nucleotides, the basic building blocks of nucleic acids, and how…

Nucleic Acids 5: Nucleotides and the Formation of Nucleic Acid Chains
Basic Biology

Nucleic Acids 5: Nucleotides and the Formation of Nucleic Acid Chains

In the previous article, we looked at how DNA exists inside the cell nucleus. DNA is first wrapped around histone prote…

Nucleic Acids 4: The 3D Genome — Spatial Regulation of Transcription
Basic Biology

Nucleic Acids 4: The 3D Genome — Spatial Regulation of Transcription

In the previous article, Nucleic Acids 3: Same DNA, Different Cells — The Functional Organization of the Genome, we exp…

Nucleic Acids 3: Same DNA, Different Cells — The Functional Organization of the Genome
Basic Biology

Nucleic Acids 3: Same DNA, Different Cells — The Functional Organization of the Genome

In the previous article, Nucleic Acids 2, we looked at how cells maintain their identity and how they pass that identit…

Nucleic Acids 2: Cellular Identity, Mitosis in Somatic Cells, and Meiosis in Germ Cells
Basic Biology

Nucleic Acids 2: Cellular Identity, Mitosis in Somatic Cells, and Meiosis in Germ Cells

Cells function as independent units, carrying out their own metabolism and activities, while at the same time receiving…

Nucleic Acids 1: The blueprints of proteins that build the core components of life
Basic Biology

Nucleic Acids 1: The blueprints of proteins that build the core components of life

The endless diversity created by just 20 amino acids The structure and function of a protein depend on how its amino ac…

Chirality 5: Trends in new drug approvals by FDA and EMA: increase of single enantiomer chiral drugs
Basic Biology

Chirality 5: Trends in new drug approvals by FDA and EMA: increase of single enantiomer chiral drugs

Uninvited guest When a drug enters the body, it operates through the same intracellular signaling pathways. However, si…

Chirality 4: The two faces of chiral drugs (Eutomer vs. Distomer)
Basic Chemistry

Chirality 4: The two faces of chiral drugs (Eutomer vs. Distomer)

Homochirality of biological systems and racemates of synthetic compounds As mentioned earlier, while stereoisomers are …

Chirality 2: Naming conventions for enantiomer, d(+)/l(-), D/R, R/S and racemic mixture
Basic Chemistry

Chirality 2: Naming conventions for enantiomer, d(+)/l(-), D/R, R/S and racemic mixture

Names to distinguish mirror-image twins  While it is understood that the two mirror images possess the properties of ri…

Chirality 3: Homochirality: The choice of living organisms
Basic Chemistry

Chirality 3: Homochirality: The choice of living organisms

In the previous two articles, we examined enantiomers, which are mirror-image isomers that appear to be twins due to sl…

Chirality 1: handedness and non-superimposable mirror image, enantiomer
Basic Chemistry

Chirality 1: handedness and non-superimposable mirror image, enantiomer

When you reflect your left hand in a mirror, your right hand appears. A mirror reflects an object placed in front of …

Hybridization 2: Sigma (σ) Bonds, Pi (π) Bonds, and Double and Triple Bonds
Basic Chemistry

Hybridization 2: Sigma (σ) Bonds, Pi (π) Bonds, and Double and Triple Bonds

The type of hybridization determines the formation of sigma (σ) and pi (Ï€) bonds. In the previous article, we examined …

Hybridization 1: Hybrid orbital theory and carbon's sp³, sp², and sp hybridization.
Basic Chemistry

Hybridization 1: Hybrid orbital theory and carbon's sp³, sp², and sp hybridization.

Hybrid Orbital Theory Orbit vs. Orbital The term "orbit" brings to mind the image of the solar system, where …

From isoprene to cholesterol: terpenes, terpenoids, and isoprenoid
Basic Chemistry

From isoprene to cholesterol: terpenes, terpenoids, and isoprenoid

Isoprene?​  When the small fragments of knowledge that were scattered here and there suddenly starts to connect each …

Kinase 3: Phosphate derivatives, Ester Bonds, and Phosphorylation
Basic Chemistry

Kinase 3: Phosphate derivatives, Ester Bonds, and Phosphorylation

Chemical aspects of phosphoric acid Now let's take a closer look at phosphorus from a chemical perspective. Phospho…

Kinase 1: Phosphorus (P), phosphoric acid and phosphate.
Basic Chemistry

Kinase 1: Phosphorus (P), phosphoric acid and phosphate.

Chemical element with atomic number 15 Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral that exists in all living cells of both…

ROS: The birth of notorious Hydroxyl radical (featuring Lipid peroxidation)
Basic Chemistry

ROS: The birth of notorious Hydroxyl radical (featuring Lipid peroxidation)

Hydrogen peroxide serves as a precursor of the hydroxyl radical  Triplet oxygen initially acquires one electron to form…

ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species(Triplet, Superoxide, Hydrogen Peroxide and singlet)
Basic Chemistry

ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species(Triplet, Superoxide, Hydrogen Peroxide and singlet)

The root of all diseases? When I read papers or research reports related to diseases, I frequently encounter the term…

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