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Chirality 5: Trends in new drug approvals by FDA and EMA: increase of single enantiomer chiral drugs
Basic Biology

Chirality 5: Trends in new drug approvals by FDA and EMA: increase of single enantiomer chiral drugs

Uninvited guest When a drug enters the body, it operates through the same intracellular signaling pathways. However, si…

Chirality 4: The two faces of chiral drugs (Eutomer vs. Distomer)
Basic Chemistry

Chirality 4: The two faces of chiral drugs (Eutomer vs. Distomer)

Homochirality of biological systems and racemates of synthetic compounds As mentioned earlier, while stereoisomers are …

Chirality 2: Naming conventions for enantiomer, d(+)/l(-), D/R, R/S and racemic mixture
Basic Chemistry

Chirality 2: Naming conventions for enantiomer, d(+)/l(-), D/R, R/S and racemic mixture

Names to distinguish mirror-image twins  While it is understood that the two mirror images possess the properties of ri…

Chirality 3: Homochirality: The choice of living organisms
Basic Chemistry

Chirality 3: Homochirality: The choice of living organisms

In the previous two articles, we examined enantiomers, which are mirror-image isomers that appear to be twins due to sl…

Chirality 1: handedness and non-superimposable mirror image, enantiomer
Basic Chemistry

Chirality 1: handedness and non-superimposable mirror image, enantiomer

When you reflect your left hand in a mirror, your right hand appears. A mirror reflects an object placed in front of …

Hybridization 2: Sigma (σ) Bonds, Pi (π) Bonds, and Double and Triple Bonds
Basic Chemistry

Hybridization 2: Sigma (σ) Bonds, Pi (π) Bonds, and Double and Triple Bonds

The type of hybridization determines the formation of sigma (σ) and pi (Ï€) bonds. In the previous article, we examined …

Hybridization 1: Hybrid orbital theory and carbon's sp³, sp², and sp hybridization.
Basic Chemistry

Hybridization 1: Hybrid orbital theory and carbon's sp³, sp², and sp hybridization.

Hybrid Orbital Theory Orbit vs. Orbital The term "orbit" brings to mind the image of the solar system, where …

From isoprene to cholesterol: terpenes, terpenoids, and isoprenoid
Basic Chemistry

From isoprene to cholesterol: terpenes, terpenoids, and isoprenoid

Isoprene?​  When the small fragments of knowledge that were scattered here and there suddenly starts to connect each …

Kinase 3: Phosphate derivatives, Ester Bonds, and Phosphorylation
Basic Chemistry

Kinase 3: Phosphate derivatives, Ester Bonds, and Phosphorylation

Chemical aspects of phosphoric acid Now let's take a closer look at phosphorus from a chemical perspective. Phospho…

Kinase 1: Phosphorus (P), phosphoric acid and phosphate.
Basic Chemistry

Kinase 1: Phosphorus (P), phosphoric acid and phosphate.

Chemical element with atomic number 15 Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral that exists in all living cells of both…

ROS: The birth of notorious Hydroxyl radical (featuring Lipid peroxidation)
Basic Chemistry

ROS: The birth of notorious Hydroxyl radical (featuring Lipid peroxidation)

Hydrogen peroxide serves as a precursor of the hydroxyl radical  Triplet oxygen initially acquires one electron to form…

ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species(Triplet, Superoxide, Hydrogen Peroxide and singlet)
Basic Chemistry

ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species(Triplet, Superoxide, Hydrogen Peroxide and singlet)

The root of all diseases? When I read papers or research reports related to diseases, I frequently encounter the term…

3. Atoms: group(valence electrons and Ionic/Covalent/Metallic Bond)
Basic Chemistry

3. Atoms: group(valence electrons and Ionic/Covalent/Metallic Bond)

2. Vertical columns: Group  We saw earlier that the horizontal period is classified according to the number of electron…

2. Atoms: period(Electron shell and s,p,d,f orbitals)
Basic Chemistry

2. Atoms: period(Electron shell and s,p,d,f orbitals)

1.  Horizontal rows: Periods The horizontal rows in the periodic table, known as periods, are related to electron shell…

1. Atoms: periodic table
Basic Chemistry

1. Atoms: periodic table

I'm going back to the beginning and study atoms again. When reading papers and articles related to the human body o…

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