Recent posts

Show more
Chirality 5: Trends in new drug approvals by FDA and EMA: increase of single enantiomer chiral drugs
Basic Biology

Chirality 5: Trends in new drug approvals by FDA and EMA: increase of single enantiomer chiral drugs

Uninvited guest When a drug enters the body, it operates through the same intracellular signaling pathways. However, si…

Chirality 4: The two faces of chiral drugs (Eutomer vs. Distomer)
Basic Chemistry

Chirality 4: The two faces of chiral drugs (Eutomer vs. Distomer)

Homochirality of biological systems and racemates of synthetic compounds As mentioned earlier, while stereoisomers are …

Chirality 2: Naming conventions for enantiomer, d(+)/l(-), D/R, R/S and racemic mixture
Basic Chemistry

Chirality 2: Naming conventions for enantiomer, d(+)/l(-), D/R, R/S and racemic mixture

Names to distinguish mirror-image twins  While it is understood that the two mirror images possess the properties of ri…

Chirality 3: Homochirality: The choice of living organisms
Basic Chemistry

Chirality 3: Homochirality: The choice of living organisms

In the previous two articles, we examined enantiomers, which are mirror-image isomers that appear to be twins due to sl…

Chirality 1: handedness and non-superimposable mirror image, enantiomer
Basic Chemistry

Chirality 1: handedness and non-superimposable mirror image, enantiomer

When you reflect your left hand in a mirror, your right hand appears. A mirror reflects an object placed in front of …

Hybridization 2: Sigma (σ) Bonds, Pi (π) Bonds, and Double and Triple Bonds
Basic Chemistry

Hybridization 2: Sigma (σ) Bonds, Pi (π) Bonds, and Double and Triple Bonds

The type of hybridization determines the formation of sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds. In the previous article, we examined …

Hybridization 1: Hybrid orbital theory and carbon's sp³, sp², and sp hybridization.
Basic Chemistry

Hybridization 1: Hybrid orbital theory and carbon's sp³, sp², and sp hybridization.

Hybrid Orbital Theory Orbit vs. Orbital The term "orbit" brings to mind the image of the solar system, where …

From isoprene to cholesterol: terpenes, terpenoids, and isoprenoid
Basic Chemistry

From isoprene to cholesterol: terpenes, terpenoids, and isoprenoid

Isoprene?​  When the small fragments of knowledge that were scattered here and there suddenly starts to connect each …

Complement System 4: Regulation and Inhibition
complement system

Complement System 4: Regulation and Inhibition

Strict Regulation and Inhibition of the Complement System Any biological system that has even the slightest potential t…

Complement System 3: 3 major functions of complement
complement system

Complement System 3: 3 major functions of complement

In the previous article, we examined how the complement systems recognize antigens and how they are activated through t…

Complement system 2: three Cascade Pathways to Generate C3 Convertase and C5 convertase
complement system

Complement system 2: three Cascade Pathways to Generate C3 Convertase and C5 convertase

3 Cascade Pathways to Generate C3 Convertase 1. Classical Pathway: Innate & Adaptive Immunity The classical pathway…

Complement system 1: brief introduction with definition, function, activation pathways, & nomenclature
complement system

Complement system 1: brief introduction with definition, function, activation pathways, & nomenclature

Complement system ? If we discuss the topic of the human immune system or read articles on related topics, we will defi…

Load More That is All

Ad Code

Responsive Advertisement